@article{MUHAMAD ALOJID_TUAN KUB_MIRAN_MOHAMAD_TUAN ISMAIL_YUSOFF_ABDULLAH_HASSAN_SALMUNA_AHMAD_2022, title={EVALUATION OF TOXICITY AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF Andrographis paniculata HERBAL MOUTHWASH AGAINST ORAL PATHOGENS}, volume={51}, url={https://jms.mabjournal.com/index.php/mab/article/view/2263}, DOI={10.55230/mabjournal.v51i3.2263}, abstractNote={<p class="p1"><em>Andrographis paniculata</em> (AP) is an ancient herb known for its medicinal and therapeutic values. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of AP herbal mouthwash. Aqueous extract of AP was used to prepare the herbal mouthwash. The product was tested against selected oral pathogens namely <em>Actinomyeces viscosus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus</em>, and<em> Porphyromonas gingivalis </em>for its antibacterial activity using the agar well diffusion method. Toxicity analysis was carried out and subjected to cytotoxicity screening using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, <em>in vivo</em> study using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, and detection of heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Five AP herbal mouthwash concentrations (62.5, 125, 250, 500, 1000 mg/mL) were developed. AP herbal mouthwash exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against <em>A. viscosus. </em>AP herbal mouthwash (125 to 1000 mg/mL) showed inhibition against <em>P. gingivalis, S. mutans </em>and<em> S. sobrinus</em>, except for <em>S. aureus</em> which did not reflect any sign of antibacterial activity. In brine shrimp lethality bioassay, AP herbal mouthwash has LC<sub>50</sub> 3255.064 µg/mL. <em>In vitro</em> cytotoxic evaluation was done on L929 mouse fibroblast cell lines using MTT assay with IC<sub>50</sub> 43.55 mg/mL denotes the mouthwash is non-toxic. Heavy metals content in AP herbal mouthwash falls within the permissible range of plumbum (2.50 ppm) followed by arsenic (1.875 ppm), mercury (0.15 ppm), and cadmium (0.06 ppm). Thus, verifying AP herbal mouthwash is effective in common oral pathogens and has a non-toxic effect.</p>}, number={3}, journal={Malaysian Applied Biology}, author={MUHAMAD ALOJID, ANIS AMIERA and TUAN KUB, TUAN NOORKORINA and MIRAN, HALIJAH and MOHAMAD, SUHARNI and TUAN ISMAIL, TUAN NADRAH NAIM and YUSOFF, MOHAMAD EZANY and ABDULLAH, ROSMANIZA and HASSAN, SITI ASMA’ and SALMUNA, ZETI NORFIDIYATI and AHMAD, NUSAADATUN NISAK}, year={2022}, month={Sep.}, pages={71–78} }