OPTIMUM SALINITY LEVEL FOR THE CULTIVATION OF CILIATED PROTOZOA

YUKINORI MUKAI; SYAFIQAH HANANI  MOHD SHAHIDIN; NORMAWATY  MOHMAAD NOOR

doi:10.55230/mabjournal.v49i1.1650

Authors

YUKINORI MUKAI
mukai@iium.edu.my
Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia; Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies (INOCEM), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
SYAFIQAH HANANI MOHD SHAHIDIN Department of Biotechnology, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia
NORMAWATY MOHMAAD NOOR Department of Marine Science, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Malaysia; Institute of Oceanography and Maritime Studies (INOCEM), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Keywords:

Protozoa, Euplotes encysticus, starter live feed, ciliates, salinity

Abstract

In the present study, protozoa was cultured in different salinity water (10%, 20% and 30%) to determine the optimum salinity level required for the culturing. We examined the densities of protozoa and the ciliates Euplotes spp. in a general culture and Euplotes encysticus Yonezawa in a separate monoculture. Various species of protozoa were observed in the culture water, with a peak density of 30,000–40,000 cells ml^–1 on day 4. The density of Euplotes spp. in the culture water increased with elapsed days, peaking on day 3. One-way analysis of variance showed a significant difference in the densities on day 3, and post-hoc Tukey–Kramer test results showed that the density at 10% was significantly higher than that at 30%. The E. encysticus monoculture peaked at 5000–6000 cells ml^–1, but there was no significant difference between the salinity levels. Although our results are not definitive, the lower salinity level appeared most suitable for culturing protozoa. The ciliated protozoa Euplotes spp. in the current study were smaller than 100 µm, and they may be suitable size as live feed as starter diet for marine fish larvae with small mouth openings

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Bone, Q., Marshall, N.B. & Blaxter, J.H.S. 1996. Biology of Fishes. Chapman & Hall, London. 332 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2664-3

Corliss, J.O. 1979. The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification and Guide to the Literature, 2nd editions. Pergamon Press, Oxford. 472 pp.

Cortes, G.F. & Tsuzuki, M.Y. 2012. Effect of different live food on survival and growth of first feeding barber goby, Elacatinus Figaro larvae. Aquaculture Research, 43: 831-834. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.02896.x

Crosbie, P.B.B. & Munday, B.L. 1999. Environmental factors and chemical agents affecting the growth of the pathogenic marine ciliate Uronema nigricans. Disease Aquaculture Organisms, 36: 213-219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/dao036213

Curds, C.R. & Vandyke, J.M. 1966. The feeding habits and growth rates of some fresh-water ciliates found in activated-sludge plants. Journal of Applied Ecology, 3: 127-137. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2401669

Das, P., Mandal, S.C., Bhagabati, S.K., Akhtar, M.S. & Singh, S.K. 2012. Important live food organisms and their role in aquaculture. In: Frontiers in Aquaculture. M. Sukham (Ed.). Narendra Publishing House, Delhi. pp. 69-86.

Doi, M., Ohno, A., Kohno, H., Taki, Y. & Singhagraiwan, T. 1997a. Development of feeding ability in red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus early larvae. Fisheries Science, 63: 845-853. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.63.845

Doi, M., Ohno, A., Taki, Y., Singhagraiwan, T. & Kohno, H. 1997b. Nauplii of the calanoid copepod, Acartia sinjiensis as an initial food organism for larval red snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus. Aquaculture Science, 45: 31-40.

Figueiredo, G.M., Nash R.D.M. & Montagnes, D.J.S. 2007. Do protozoa contribute significantly to the diet of larval fish in the Irish Sea? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 87: 843-850. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S002531540705713X

Figueiredo, G.M., Nash, R.D.M. & Montagnes, D.J.S. 2005. The role of the generally unrecognized microprey source as food for larval fish in the Irish Sea. Marine Biology, 148: 395-404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0088-0

Fukami, K., Watanabe, A., Fuzita, S., Yamaoka, K. & Nishijima, T. 1999. Predation on naked protozoan microzooplankton by fish larvae. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 185: 285-291. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/meps185285

Hagiwara, A., Wullur, S., Marcial, H.S., Hirai, N. & Sakakura, Y. 2014. Euryhaline rotifer Proales similis as initial live food for rearing fish with small mouth. Aquaculture, 432: 470-474. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.03.034

Imai, C. & Tanaka, S. 1987. Effect of sea water temperature egg size of Japanese anchovy. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53: 2169-2178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2331/suisan.53.2169

Kaneshiro, E.S., Dunham, P.B. & Holz, J.R.G.G. 1969. Osmoregulation in a marine ciliate, Miamiensis avidus, I. regulation of inorganic ions and water. Biological Bulletin, 136: 63-75. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1539669

Kitani, K. 1989. Cultivation and utilization of a ciliated protozoa Infusoria. Aquacultue Science, 36: 307-320.

Koiso, M. & Hino, A. 2001. Effects of salinity on population growth, nutritive value and feeding cost of the enriched rotifer, Brachinous plicatilis. Aquaculture Science, 49: 41-46.

Kurita, Y., Fujinami, Y. & Amano, M. 2011. The effect of temperature on the duration of spawning markers – migratory-nucleus and hydrated oocytes and postovulatory follicles – in the multiple-batch spawner Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Fishery Bulletin, 109: 79-89.

Madhu, K. & Madhu, R. 2014. Captive spawning and embryonic development of marine ornamental purple firefish Nemateleotris decora (Randall & Allen, 1973). Aquaculture, 424-425: 1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2013.12.027

Mieczan, T. 2007. Size spectra and abundance of planktonic ciliates within various habitats in a macroohyte-dominated lake (Eastern Poland). Biologia Blatislava, 62: 189-194. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-007-0028-1

Montagnes, D.J.S., Dower, J.F. & Figueiredo, G.M. 2010. The protozooplankton Ichtyoplankton trophic link: an overlooked aspect of aquatic webs. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 57: 223-228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2010.00476.x

Mu’izzuddin-Afandi, M., Waludin, S.N., Mohammad-Noor, N., Phang, I.C., Kadowaki, S. & Mukai, Y. 2018. Identification of Euplotes encysticus a starter live feed for marine fish larvae based on morphology and molecular sequences. Malaysian Applied Biology Journal, 47: 175-180.

Mukai, Y., Sani, M.Z., Mohammad-Noor, N. & Kadowaki, S. 2016. Effective method to culture infusoria, a highly potential starter feed for marine finfish larvae. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 4: 124-127.

Nagano, N., Iwatsuki, Y., Kamiyama, T. & Nakata, H. 2000b. Effects of marine ciliates on survivability of the first-feeding larval surgeonfish, Paracanthurus hepatus: laboratory rearing experiments. Hydrobiologia, 432: 149157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004094825739

Nagano, N., Iwatsuki, Y., Kamiyama, T., Simizu, H. & Nakata, H. 2000a. Ciliated protozoans as food for first-feeding larval grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus: laboratory experiment. Plankton Biology and Ecology, 47: 93-99.

Olivottoa, I., Zenobia, A., Rollob, A., Migliarinia, B., Avellab, M. & Carnevalia, O. 2005. Breeding, rearing and feeding studies in the cleaner goby Gobiosoma evelynae. Aquaculture, 250: 175-182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.02.057

Rhodes, M.A. & Phelps, R.P. 2006. Ciliated protozoans as alternative live food for first feeding red snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, larvae. In: Proceedings of 57 Annual Gulf Caribbean Fisheries Institute. R.L. Creswell (Ed.). pp. 963-973.

Tucker, J.R.J.W. 1998. Marine Fish Culture. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Massachusetts. 750 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4911-6

Walford, L., Lim, T.M. & Lam, T.J. 1991. Replacing live foods with microencapsulated diets in the rearing of seabass (Lates calcarifer) larvae: do the larvae ingest and digest protein-membrane microcapsules? Aquaculture, 92: 225-235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(91)90024-2

Winter, F. & De Persoone, G. 1975. Preliminary experiments with the ciliate Fabrea salina as a potential live food for mariculture. In: 10th European Symposium on Marine Biology, Ostend, Belgium. pp. 37-48.

Zingel, P., Paaver, T., Karus, K., Agasild, H. & Noges, T. 2012. Ciliates as the crucial feed source of larval fish in a shallow eutrophic lake. Limnology and Oceanography, 57: 1049-1056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2012.57.4.1049