The Interaction of Immune System in Tumour Microenvironment and Possible Role of Cancer Cell Immnunosensitization for Better Treatment Efficacy: A Review

Farhana Khamarudin; Mudiana Muhamad; Jesmine  Khan; Mohammad Johari   Ibahim; Wan Nor 'Izzah Wan Mohamad Zain; Mardiana Abdul Aziz; Nurul Raudzah Adib Ridzuan; Sharaniza Ab Rahim

doi:10.55230/mabjournal.v52i6.2413

Authors

Farhana Khamarudin Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute for Medical Molecular Biotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Mudiana Muhamad Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Jesmine Khan Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohammad Johari Ibahim Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Wan Nor 'Izzah Wan Mohamad Zain Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Mardiana Abdul Aziz Department of Pathology, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Nurul Raudzah Adib Ridzuan Department of Anatomy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
Sharaniza Ab Rahim
sharaniza_abrahim@uitm.edu.my
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Sungai Buloh, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia

Keywords:

cancer, immunosensitization, immune system, immunotherapy, tumour microenvironment

Abstract

Unlike haematologic malignant cells which express cell surface common antigens uniformly and are susceptible to targeted cancer immunotherapy, solid tumours either lack such antigens or have been mutated due to chemotherapy or other therapeutic interventions. Moreover, rapidly dividing tumour cells present complex and dynamic tumour metabolism, which hampers immune cells' reactivity against the tumour cells. Hence solid tumours other than immune-sensitive cancers such as melanoma and renal cell carcinoma are less responsive towards current cellular immunotherapy strategies, including cytokine therapy, dendritic cell-based vaccines, and immune-activating antibodies. Nonetheless, emerging evidence supports combined approaches that target immunosuppressive or antiapoptotic molecules, involving sensitization of the cancer cells by immunosensitizing drugs to express specific ligands that will be recognized by the immune cells via trafficking. This review highlights the immune system's involvement in the tumour microenvironment and the potential significance of cancer cell immunosensitization for improved treatment outcomes.

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