Change in Immune Biomarkers of Laboratory Mice Responding to Experimental Inoculation of Different Drinking Water Quality from Selected Dairy Farms

Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse; Nagachandra Rao Gopi  Naidu; Bura Thlama  Paul; Eric Lim Teik  Chung; Wan Lutfi Wan  Johari; Yusuf  Abba; Mohd Azmi Mohd  Lila; Mohd Jefri  Norsidin

doi:10.55230/mabjournal.v52i3.2676

Authors

Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
jesse@upm.edu.my
Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Nagachandra Rao Gopi Naidu Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Bura Thlama Paul Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Campus Bintulu Sarawak, Malaysia; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 600230, Borno State, Nigeria
Eric Lim Teik Chung Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1038-1057
Wan Lutfi Wan Johari Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, PMB 1069 Bama Road, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Yusuf Abba Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohd Azmi Mohd Lila Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Mohd Jefri Norsidin Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Keywords:

Biomarkers, dairy cattle farm, drinking water, host cell responses, mice, water quality

Abstract

Current knowledge of abnormal physiological responses in livestock due to consumption of substandard water is limited. This study was designed to explore the host cell responses in mice orally inoculated with different drinking water qualities from selected dairy cattle farms. A total of 28 female mice used in this study were divided into Group 1- negative control (treated with sterile deionized distilled water), Group 2 - treated with good quality water sample, Group 3 - treated with moderate quality water sample, and Group 4 - treated with unsatisfactory quality water sample. All the mice were given 0.25 mL of water samples three times daily for 30 days. Blood samples were collected from all mice before euthanasia at 30 days post-inoculation for reproductive hormones and biomarkers analyses. All treatment groups showed significant (p<0.05) weight loss compared to the control group. There was a significant difference in the serum immunoglobulin-G (IgG), immunoglobulin-M (IgM), interleukin-12 (IL-12), haptoglobin (Hp), and serum amyloid A (SAA) profiles of mice among the different water quality treatments as compared to the control group (p<0.05). In conclusion, the host cell responses exhibited by the mice in the treatment groups indicates a high risk of potential negative effect on the production and health of the livestock due to long-term consumption of drinking water with subpar quality.

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