Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents vs. Conventional Solvents: Effects on Crude Yield, Mangiferin Content, Antioxidant Activity, and Toxicity in Mangifera pajang Kosterm. Fruit Extracts

Muhammad Daniel Eazzat Mohd Rosdan; Mohd Azrie Awang; Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin; Fritzgerald Anak Andrew; Aniza Saini; Siti Faridah Mohd Amin; Norliza Julmohammad

doi:10.55230/mabjournal.v54i1.3212

Authors

Muhammad Daniel Eazzat Mohd Rosdan Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Mohd Azrie Awang
ma.awang@ums.edu.my
Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Food Security Research Laboratory, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin Borneo Research on Algesia, Inflammation and Neurodegeneration (BRAIN) Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Fritzgerald Anak Andrew Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Aniza Saini Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Siti Faridah Mohd Amin Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Norliza Julmohammad Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia; Food Security Research Laboratory, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

Keywords:

Antioxidant, Mangifera pajang, Mangiferin, NADES, Toxicity, ultrasound-assisted extraction

Abstract

Mangifera pajang Kosterm. fruits, commonly known as 'Bambangan,' are rich in natural antioxidants due to their phytochemical constituents and are categorised as an underutilised fruit. This study focused on investigating the effects of different solvents on the extraction yield (EY), mangiferin content (MC), total flavonoids (TF), total phenolics (TP), antioxidant activity, and toxicity of M. pajang fruit extracts (MPFE). The selected solvents included natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), water, methanol, and ethanol. The extraction of MPFE was performed using ultrasound-assisted extraction with an ultrasonic probe. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Toxicological assessment was conducted using the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) to determine LC₅₀ values. Overall, NADES proved to be the most efficient solvent for extraction, yielding the highest EY (37.09 ± 2.34%), MC (0.032 ± 0.000 mg/g), TF (0.80 ± 0.01 mg RE/g dry extract), TP (14.94 ± 1.74 mg GAE/g dry extract), and exhibits potent antioxidant activity as measured by DPPH (82.38 ± 0.24%), ABTS (86.37 ± 0.03%), and FRAP (304.57 ± 5.24 mg TE/g dry extract). Moreover, NADES demonstrated non-toxicity in the BSLA (LC₅₀ = 1988.37 µg/mL) of MPFE. These findings suggest that NADES is a suitable solvent for exploring the medicinal potential of M. pajang fruits and their application in therapeutic development.

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