Identification and characterization of Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold on tomato in Malaysia

Siti Fairuz Yusoff; Siti Izera Ismail; Farah Farhanah Haron; Zahir Shah Shafari; Rohasmizah Hashim; Paiman

doi:10.55230/mabjournal.v53i3.2880

Authors

Siti Fairuz Yusoff
siti_fairuz@ftv.upsi.edu.my
Agricultural Science Department, Faculty of Technical and Vocational, Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris, 35900, Tanjong Malim, Perak, Malaysia
Siti Izera Ismail Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Farah Farhanah Haron Biological Control Programme, Agrobiodiversity and Environment Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Zahir Shah Shafari Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Vegetable Systems Modelling Section, Leibniz University Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany
Rohasmizah Hashim Food Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Kuala Pilah Campus, Pekan Parit Tinggi, 72000, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Paiman Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas PGRI Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55182, Indonesia

Keywords:

Botrytis cinerea, gray mold, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, pathogenicity, tomato

Abstract

Botrytis cinerea, commonly known as gray mold, is a pervasive fungal pathogen that affects a wide range of plant species, leading to significant agricultural losses. The identification of Botrytis cinerea in Malaysia is crucial for protecting the agricultural sector, minimizing economic losses, ensuring food security, maintaining export quality, addressing environmental concerns, and advancing scientific research. In the present research, tomato fruits collected from Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia showed gray mold disease symptoms of B. cinerea. The fungal isolates were examined morphologically for colony colour, growth rate, conidiophores, conidia shape, and sclerotia on PDA and V8 agar. According to the results, conidiophores appeared in grape shape and length was range of 21.26-32.52 μm, ovoid conidial dimensions were in the range of 10.03-16.08 × 7.37-11.15 μm and sclerotia size was range 1.91-4.50 × 1.70-4.00 mm. All isolates were attributed to the morphospecies Botrytis cinerea on account of these characteristics. The resulting sequences deposited in GenBank were accessions MT012053 to MT012062, respectively. A BLAST analysis of the resulting 550-bp nucleotide sequences showed 99-100% identity closest matched to B. cinerea. The pathogenicity experiments showed P6 isolates of B. cinerea were highly pathogenic and caused gray mold development on tomato fruits that led to severe symptoms in five days. Meanwhile, the least pathogenic isolate was P9. In terms of temperature, B. cinerea grew faster on PDA at 20ºC, slower grew below 20ºC and did not grow at 25ºC. Identification and characterization of B. cinerea on tomato could potentially provide information to assist disease management strategies for B. cinerea.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

References

Afroz, T., Aktaruzzaman, M. & Kim, B.S. 2019. First report of gray mold on okra caused by Botrytis cinerea in Korea. Plant Disease, 103(5): 1038-1038. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-18-1884-PDN

Agrios G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology, 5th Ed. Academic Press, California.

Aktaruzzaman, M., Afroz, T., Hong, S.J. & Kim, B.S. 2017. Identification of Botrytis cinerea, the cause of post-harvest gray mold on broccoli in Korea. Research in Plant Disease, 23(4): 372-378. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2017.23.4.372

Aktaruzzaman, M., Afroz, T., Kim, B.S. & Shin, H.D. 2016. First report of gray mold disease of sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) caused by Botrytis cinerea in Korea. Research in Plant Disease, 22(2): 107-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2016.22.2.107

Aktaruzzaman, M., Kim, J.Y., Xu, S.J. & Kim, B.S. 2014. First report of postharvest gray mold rot on carrot caused by Botrytis cinerea in Korea. Research in Plant Disease, 20(2): 129-131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5423/RPD.2014.20.2.129

Bautista-Baños, S. 2014. Postharvest Decay: Control Strategies. Elsevier. 383 pp.

Bojkov, G., Mitrev, S. & Arsov, E. 2019. Impact of ampelotechnical measures in the grapevine protection from occurrence of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea). Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 17(1): 29-41.

Cantu, D., Blanco-Ulate, B., Yang, L., Labavitch, J.M., Bennett, A.B. & Powell, A.L.T. 2009. Ripening-regulated susceptibility of tomato fruit to Botrytis cinerea requires NOR but not RIN or ethylene. Plant Physiology, 150(3): 1434-1449. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.138701

Ciliberti, N., Fermaud, M., Roudet, J. & Rossi, V. 2015. Environmental conditions affect Botrytis cinerea infection of mature grape berries more than the strain or transposon genotype. Phytopathology, 105(8): 1090-1096. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-10-14-0264-R

Collinge, D. B. & Sarrocco, S. 2022. Transgenic approaches for plant disease control: Status and prospects 2021. Plant Pathology, 71(1): 207-225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13443

Crisosto, C.H., Garner, D. & Crisosto, G. 2002. Carbon dioxide-enriched atmospheres during cold storage limit losses from Botrytis but accelerate rachis browning of 'Redglobe' table grapes. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 26(2): 181-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00013-3

Damialis, A., Mohammad, A.B., Halley, J.M. & Gange, A.C. 2015. Fungi in a changing world: Growth rates will be elevated, but spore production may decrease in future climates. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59(9): 1157-1167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-014-0927-0

Derckel, J.P., Baillieul, F., Manteau, S., Audran, J.C., Haye, B., Lambert, B. & Legendre, L. 1999. Differential induction of grapevine defenses by two strains of Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology, 89(3): 197-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.3.197

Elfar, K., Riquelme, D., Zoffoli, J.P. & Latorre, B.A. 2017. First report of Botrytis prunorum causing fruit rot on kiwifruit in Chile. Plant Disease, 101(2): 1-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-16-0775-PDN

Fillinger, S. & Walker, A.S. 2016. Chemical control and resistance management of Botrytis diseases. In S. Fillinger & Y. Elad (Eds.), Botrytis-The fungus, the pathogen and its management in agricultural systems. Springer. 189-216 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23371-0_10

Hegyi-Kaló, J., Holb, I.J., Lengyel, S., Juhász, Á. & Váczy, K.Z. 2019. Effect of year, sampling month and grape cultivar on noble rot incidence, mycelial growth rate and morphological type of Botrytis cinerea during noble rot development. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 155: 339-348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01745-8

Holz, G., Coertze, S. & Williamson, B. 2007. The ecology of Botrytis on plant surface. In Y. Elad; B. Williamson; P. Tudzynski & N. Delen (Eds.), Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control. Springer. 9-27 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2626-3_2

Hsiang, T. & Chastagner, G.A. 1992. Production and viability of sclerotia from fungicide-resistant and fungicide-sensitive isolates of Botrytis cinerea, B. elliptica and B. tulipae. Plant Pathology, 41(5): 600-605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1992.tb02459.x

Javed, S., Javaid, A., Anwar, W., Majeed, R.A., Akhtar, R. & Naqvi, S.F. 2017. First report of Botrytis bunch rot of grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea in Pakistan. Plant Disease, 101(6): 1036. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-16-0762-PDN

Judet-Correia, D., Bollaert, S., Duquenne, A., Charpentier, C., Bensoussan, M. & Dantigny, P. 2010. Validation of a predictive model for the growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum on grape berries. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 142(1-2): 106-113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.009

Khazaeli, P., Zamanizadeh, H., Morid, B. & Bayat, H. 2010. Morphological and molecular identification of Botrytis cinerea causal agent of gray mold in rose greenhouses in central regions of Iran. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(1): 19-24.

Lalève, A., Fillinger, S. & Walker, A.S. 2014. Fitness measurement reveals contrasting costs in homologous recombinant mutants of Botrytis cinerea resistant to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 67: 24-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2014.03.006

Leyronas, C., Duffaud, M., Parès, L., Jeannequin, B. & Nicot, P.C. 2015. Flow of Botrytis cinerea inoculum between lettuce crop and soil. Plant Pathology, 64(3): 701-708. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12284

Ma, S., Hu, Y., Liu, S., Sun, J., Irfan, M., Chen, L.J. & Zhang, L. 2018. Isolation, identification and the biological characterization of Botrytis cinerea. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 20(5): 1033-1040.

Oztekin, S., & Karbancioglu-Guler, F. 2024. Recruiting grape-isolated antagonistic yeasts for the sustainable bio-management of Botrytis cinerea on grapes. Food and Energy Security, 13(1): e528. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fes3.528

Petsikos-Panayotarou, N., Markellou, E., Kalamarakis, A.E., Kyriakopoulou, D. & Malathrakis, N.E. 2003. In vitro and in vivo activity of cyprodinil and pyrimethanil on Botrytis cinerea isolates resistant to other botryticides and selection for resistance to pyrimethanil in a greenhouse population in Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology,109(2): 173-182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022522420919

Rosero-Hernández, E.D., Moraga, J., Collado, I.G. & Echeverri, F. 2019. Natural Compounds That modulate the development of the fungus Botrytis cinerea and protect Solanum lycopersicum. Plants, 8(5): 111. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8050111

Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. & Maniatis, T. 1989. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, second Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSH Press).

Schumacher, J. & Tudzynski, P. 2012. Morphogenesis and infection in Botrytis cinerea. In: Morphogenesis and Pathogenicity in Fungi. J.P Martin and A. Di Pietro (Eds.). Springer. Place of publication. 225-241 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22916-9_11

Schumacher, J., Simon, A., Cohrs, K.C., Viaud, M. & Tudzynski, P. 2014. The transcription factor BcLTF1 regulates virulence and light responses in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. PLoS Genetics, 10(1): 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004040

Tanović, B., Hrustić, J., Mihajlović, M., Grahovac, M. & Delibašić, G. 2014. Botrytis cinerea in raspberry in Serbia I: Morphological and molecular characterization. Pesticidi i Fitomedicina, 29(4): 237-247. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2298/PIF1404237T

Tijjani, A., Ismail, S.I., Khairulmazmi, A. & Dzolkhifli, O. 2018. First report of gray mold rot disease on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) caused by Botrytis cinerea in Malaysia. Journal of Plant Pathology, 101(1): 207. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-018-0155-2

Velásquez, A.C., Castroverde, C.D.M. & He, S.Y. 2018. Plant-pathogen warfare under changing climate conditions. Current Biology, 28(10): 619-634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.054

Yusoff, S.F., Haron, F.F., Asib, N., Mohamed, M.T.M. & Ismail, S.I. 2021. Development of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract emulsion formulations in controlling gray mold disease on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Agronomy, 11: 373. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020373

Zhang, Z., Qin, G., Li, B. & Tian, S. 2014. Knocking out Bcsas1 in Botrytis cinerea impacts growth, development, and secretion of extracellular proteins, which decreases virulence. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 27(6): 590-600. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-10-13-0314-R

Zhou, Y., Li, N., Yang, J., Yang, L., Wu, M., Chen, W. & Zhang, J. 2018. Contrast between orange and black colored sclerotial isolates of Botrytis cinerea: Melanogenesis and ecological fitness. Plant Disease, 102(2): 428-436. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-16-1663-RE