Identification and characterization of Botrytis cinerea causing gray mold on tomato in Malaysia
Keywords:
Botrytis cinerea, gray mold, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, pathogenicity, tomatoAbstract
Botrytis cinerea, commonly known as gray mold, is a pervasive fungal pathogen that affects a wide range of plant species, leading to significant agricultural losses. The identification of Botrytis cinerea in Malaysia is crucial for protecting the agricultural sector, minimizing economic losses, ensuring food security, maintaining export quality, addressing environmental concerns, and advancing scientific research. In the present research, tomato fruits collected from Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia showed gray mold disease symptoms of B. cinerea. The fungal isolates were examined morphologically for colony colour, growth rate, conidiophores, conidia shape, and sclerotia on PDA and V8 agar. According to the results, conidiophores appeared in grape shape and length was range of 21.26-32.52 μm, ovoid conidial dimensions were in the range of 10.03-16.08 × 7.37-11.15 μm and sclerotia size was range 1.91-4.50 × 1.70-4.00 mm. All isolates were attributed to the morphospecies Botrytis cinerea on account of these characteristics. The resulting sequences deposited in GenBank were accessions MT012053 to MT012062, respectively. A BLAST analysis of the resulting 550-bp nucleotide sequences showed 99-100% identity closest matched to B. cinerea. The pathogenicity experiments showed P6 isolates of B. cinerea were highly pathogenic and caused gray mold development on tomato fruits that led to severe symptoms in five days. Meanwhile, the least pathogenic isolate was P9. In terms of temperature, B. cinerea grew faster on PDA at 20ºC, slower grew below 20ºC and did not grow at 25ºC. Identification and characterization of B. cinerea on tomato could potentially provide information to assist disease management strategies for B. cinerea.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Afroz, T., Aktaruzzaman, M. & Kim, B.S. 2019. First report of gray mold on okra caused by Botrytis cinerea in Korea. Plant Disease, 103(5): 1038-1038.
Agrios G.N. 2005. Plant Pathology, 5th Ed. Academic Press, California.
Aktaruzzaman, M., Afroz, T., Hong, S.J. & Kim, B.S. 2017. Identification of Botrytis cinerea, the cause of post-harvest gray mold on broccoli in Korea. Research in Plant Disease, 23(4): 372-378.
Aktaruzzaman, M., Afroz, T., Kim, B.S. & Shin, H.D. 2016. First report of gray mold disease of sponge gourd (Luffa cylindrica) caused by Botrytis cinerea in Korea. Research in Plant Disease, 22(2): 107-110.
Aktaruzzaman, M., Kim, J.Y., Xu, S.J. & Kim, B.S. 2014. First report of postharvest gray mold rot on carrot caused by Botrytis cinerea in Korea. Research in Plant Disease, 20(2): 129-131.
Bautista-Baños, S. 2014. Postharvest Decay: Control Strategies. Elsevier. 383 pp.
Bojkov, G., Mitrev, S. & Arsov, E. 2019. Impact of ampelotechnical measures in the grapevine protection from occurrence of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea). Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 17(1): 29-41.
Cantu, D., Blanco-Ulate, B., Yang, L., Labavitch, J.M., Bennett, A.B. & Powell, A.L.T. 2009. Ripening-regulated susceptibility of tomato fruit to Botrytis cinerea requires NOR but not RIN or ethylene. Plant Physiology, 150(3): 1434-1449.
Ciliberti, N., Fermaud, M., Roudet, J. & Rossi, V. 2015. Environmental conditions affect Botrytis cinerea infection of mature grape berries more than the strain or transposon genotype. Phytopathology, 105(8): 1090-1096.
Collinge, D. B. & Sarrocco, S. 2022. Transgenic approaches for plant disease control: Status and prospects 2021. Plant Pathology, 71(1): 207-225.
Crisosto, C.H., Garner, D. & Crisosto, G. 2002. Carbon dioxide-enriched atmospheres during cold storage limit losses from Botrytis but accelerate rachis browning of 'Redglobe' table grapes. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 26(2): 181-189.
Damialis, A., Mohammad, A.B., Halley, J.M. & Gange, A.C. 2015. Fungi in a changing world: Growth rates will be elevated, but spore production may decrease in future climates. International Journal of Biometeorology, 59(9): 1157-1167.
Derckel, J.P., Baillieul, F., Manteau, S., Audran, J.C., Haye, B., Lambert, B. & Legendre, L. 1999. Differential induction of grapevine defenses by two strains of Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology, 89(3): 197-203.
Elfar, K., Riquelme, D., Zoffoli, J.P. & Latorre, B.A. 2017. First report of Botrytis prunorum causing fruit rot on kiwifruit in Chile. Plant Disease, 101(2): 1-388.
Fillinger, S. & Walker, A.S. 2016. Chemical control and resistance management of Botrytis diseases. In S. Fillinger & Y. Elad (Eds.), Botrytis-The fungus, the pathogen and its management in agricultural systems. Springer. 189-216 pp.
Hegyi-Kaló, J., Holb, I.J., Lengyel, S., Juhász, Á. & Váczy, K.Z. 2019. Effect of year, sampling month and grape cultivar on noble rot incidence, mycelial growth rate and morphological type of Botrytis cinerea during noble rot development. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 155: 339-348.
Holz, G., Coertze, S. & Williamson, B. 2007. The ecology of Botrytis on plant surface. In Y. Elad; B. Williamson; P. Tudzynski & N. Delen (Eds.), Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control. Springer. 9-27 pp.
Hsiang, T. & Chastagner, G.A. 1992. Production and viability of sclerotia from fungicide-resistant and fungicide-sensitive isolates of Botrytis cinerea, B. elliptica and B. tulipae. Plant Pathology, 41(5): 600-605.
Javed, S., Javaid, A., Anwar, W., Majeed, R.A., Akhtar, R. & Naqvi, S.F. 2017. First report of Botrytis bunch rot of grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea in Pakistan. Plant Disease, 101(6): 1036.
Judet-Correia, D., Bollaert, S., Duquenne, A., Charpentier, C., Bensoussan, M. & Dantigny, P. 2010. Validation of a predictive model for the growth of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum on grape berries. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 142(1-2): 106-113.
Khazaeli, P., Zamanizadeh, H., Morid, B. & Bayat, H. 2010. Morphological and molecular identification of Botrytis cinerea causal agent of gray mold in rose greenhouses in central regions of Iran. International Journal of Agricultural Science, 1(1): 19-24.
Lalève, A., Fillinger, S. & Walker, A.S. 2014. Fitness measurement reveals contrasting costs in homologous recombinant mutants of Botrytis cinerea resistant to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors. Fungal Genetics and Biology, 67: 24-36.
Leyronas, C., Duffaud, M., Parès, L., Jeannequin, B. & Nicot, P.C. 2015. Flow of Botrytis cinerea inoculum between lettuce crop and soil. Plant Pathology, 64(3): 701-708.
Ma, S., Hu, Y., Liu, S., Sun, J., Irfan, M., Chen, L.J. & Zhang, L. 2018. Isolation, identification and the biological characterization of Botrytis cinerea. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 20(5): 1033-1040.
Oztekin, S., & Karbancioglu-Guler, F. 2024. Recruiting grape-isolated antagonistic yeasts for the sustainable bio-management of Botrytis cinerea on grapes. Food and Energy Security, 13(1): e528.
Petsikos-Panayotarou, N., Markellou, E., Kalamarakis, A.E., Kyriakopoulou, D. & Malathrakis, N.E. 2003. In vitro and in vivo activity of cyprodinil and pyrimethanil on Botrytis cinerea isolates resistant to other botryticides and selection for resistance to pyrimethanil in a greenhouse population in Greece. European Journal of Plant Pathology,109(2): 173-182.
Rosero-Hernández, E.D., Moraga, J., Collado, I.G. & Echeverri, F. 2019. Natural Compounds That modulate the development of the fungus Botrytis cinerea and protect Solanum lycopersicum. Plants, 8(5): 111.
Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E.F. & Maniatis, T. 1989. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, second Ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (CSH Press).
Schumacher, J. & Tudzynski, P. 2012. Morphogenesis and infection in Botrytis cinerea. In: Morphogenesis and Pathogenicity in Fungi. J.P Martin and A. Di Pietro (Eds.). Springer. Place of publication. 225-241 pp.
Schumacher, J., Simon, A., Cohrs, K.C., Viaud, M. & Tudzynski, P. 2014. The transcription factor BcLTF1 regulates virulence and light responses in the necrotrophic plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea. PLoS Genetics, 10(1): 1-21.
Tanović, B., Hrustić, J., Mihajlović, M., Grahovac, M. & Delibašić, G. 2014. Botrytis cinerea in raspberry in Serbia I: Morphological and molecular characterization. Pesticidi i Fitomedicina, 29(4): 237-247.
Tijjani, A., Ismail, S.I., Khairulmazmi, A. & Dzolkhifli, O. 2018. First report of gray mold rot disease on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) caused by Botrytis cinerea in Malaysia. Journal of Plant Pathology, 101(1): 207.
Velásquez, A.C., Castroverde, C.D.M. & He, S.Y. 2018. Plant-pathogen warfare under changing climate conditions. Current Biology, 28(10): 619-634.
Yusoff, S.F., Haron, F.F., Asib, N., Mohamed, M.T.M. & Ismail, S.I. 2021. Development of Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract emulsion formulations in controlling gray mold disease on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Agronomy, 11: 373.
Zhang, Z., Qin, G., Li, B. & Tian, S. 2014. Knocking out Bcsas1 in Botrytis cinerea impacts growth, development, and secretion of extracellular proteins, which decreases virulence. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, 27(6): 590-600.
Zhou, Y., Li, N., Yang, J., Yang, L., Wu, M., Chen, W. & Zhang, J. 2018. Contrast between orange and black colored sclerotial isolates of Botrytis cinerea: Melanogenesis and ecological fitness. Plant Disease, 102(2): 428-436.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Any reproduction of figures, tables and illustrations must obtain written permission from the Chief Editor (wicki@ukm.edu.my). No part of the journal may be reproduced without the editor’s permission