Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compound From Harumanis Mango Leaves (Mangifera indica) Using Green Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs)

Ahmad Mukhlis Abdul Rahman; Ryan Vitthaya Peron; Amirul Ridzuan  Abu Bakar; Muhammad Syaffiq Syazwan  Jaafar; Qian Yee Ang; Mohd Asraf  Mohd Zainudin; Nik Muhammad Azhar Nik Daud; Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny; Nurul Husna  Khairuddin

doi:10.55230/mabjournal.v53i5.3129

Authors

Ahmad Mukhlis Abdul Rahman Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2056-6469
Ryan Vitthaya Peron Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Amirul Ridzuan Abu Bakar
amirulridzuan@unimap.edu.my
Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Muhammad Syaffiq Syazwan Jaafar Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Qian Yee Ang Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Mohd Asraf Mohd Zainudin Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Nik Muhammad Azhar Nik Daud Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Ahmad Anas Nagoor Gunny Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia; Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization (COEBU), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Jejawi, 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Nurul Husna Khairuddin Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Sungai Long, Kajang, 43000, Selangor, Malaysia

Keywords:

Green Technology, Harumanis, Mangifera indica, Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs), Phenolic Compounds, Phytochemicals

Abstract

Harumanis mangoes, known for their taste and nutrition, are a symbol of Perlis, Malaysia. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs) are being studied for eco-friendly extraction methods. There is limited information on green extraction from Harumanis mango leaves, and NADESs have not been used for this purpose. This study aims to evaluate the green extraction of phenolic compounds from Harumanis mango leaves using five NADESs systems, assess the phytochemical composition, and test their antimicrobial potential. These NADESs were prepared by heating and stirring their components until a clear solution was formed. The extraction yields of NADESs were compared with conventional solvents like 100% ethanol, 100% methanol, 50% ethanol, and 50% methanol for extracting phenolic compounds. The chosen NADES was processed with Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE). The total phenolic content (TPC) in the extracts was measured using a gallic acid standard curve and spectrophotometry. The extract with the highest TPC value from NADES extraction was evaluated for phytochemicals using FTIR and tested for antimicrobial activity with the disc diffusion method. Based on the screening of different NADESs, the highest phenolic content was recorded by lactic acid: glycerol system at 135.74 mg GAE g−1 dw. The lowest TPC value was recorded with sodium acetate: glycerol system, which was 32.76 mg GAE g⁻¹ dw. Among the conventional solvents, the highest TPC value was recorded by 50% ethanol at 133.09 mg GAE g⁻¹ dw, and the lowest TPC value was by 100% ethanol at 67.18 mg GAE g⁻¹ dw. The use of UAE with lactic acid: glycerol NADES system yields the highest TPC value of 142.87 mg GAE g⁻¹ dw. Harumanis extract using NADES-3 had saponins, phenols, glycosides, tannins, and antimicrobial activity on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The results show that NADES effectively extracts phenolic compounds from Harumanis leaves, which have significant therapeutic potential.

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