ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CUTTLEBONE CHITOSAN AGAINST Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus AND Candida albicans
Keywords:
antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, chitosan, cuttlefishAbstract
The discovery of new antibiotics for infectious diseases has become challenging due to the rise of antimicrobial resistance.
Meanwhile, chitosan has been considerably used in many branches of research. It has been discovered to have some good benefits
in medicals, pharmaceuticals, and food technologies. In this study, chitosan was prepared from the cuttlebone of Sepia sp. by
chemical method and analyzed by using FT-IR spectrophotometer for the confirmed presence of its functional groups. There
are three types of reactive functional groups in the chitosan which are the amino group and primary and secondary hydroxyl
group attached to the C-2, C-3, and C-6 positions respectively. Chitosan has a high cationic property due to the presence of its
amino group. The bacteriostatic activity of chitosan occurs due to its positive charge in acidic concentration that interacts with
the negatively charged residue of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins located on the cell surface of bacteria. The antioxidant
activity was conducted using DPPH radical scavenging assay with a chitosan concentration ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg/mL and
a hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay with a chitosan concentration ranging from 0.1 to 1.6 mg/mL. The antimicrobial activity
of chitosan from cuttlebone was analyzed against two different bacterial strains (Escherichia coli & Staphylococcus aureus)
and a fungal strain, Candida albicans by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. The results show
that through the DPPH radical assay, the scavenging activity was 59.7% at the concentration of chitosan at 10mg/mL, while
through the hydrogen peroxide assay the scavenging activity was 56% at the concentration of chitosan at 1.6 mg/mL. Besides,
this chitosan from Sepia sp. has concentration-dependent antimicrobial activity with higher antifungal activity compared to
antibacterial activity against all tested organisms and may become a potential agent for antibiotic discovery
Downloads
Metrics
References
Ahing, F.A. & Wid, N. 2016. Extraction and characterization of chitosan from shrimp shell waste in Sabah. Transactions on Science and Technology, 3(1-2): 227–237.
Biswas, K., Paul, D., & Sinha, S.N. 2016. Marine bacteria: A potential tool for antibacterial activity. Journal of Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 4(1): 25–29.
Fernandes Queiroz, M., Melo, K., Sabry, D., Sassaki, G. & Rocha, H. 2014. Does the use of chitosan contribute to oxalate kidney stone formation? Marine Drugs, 13(1): 141-158. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/md13010141
Haddad, K.H., Schmelcher, M., Sabzalipoor, H., Seyed Hosseini, E. & Moniri, R. 2018. Recombinant endolysins as potential therapeutics against antibiotic-resistant staphylococcus aureus: Current status of research and novel delivery strategies. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 31(1). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00071-17
Jackson, A.R., Eismont, A., Yu, L., NaLi, Gu, W., Eismont, F. & Brown, M.D. 2018. Diffusion of antibiotics in intervertebral disc. Journal of Biomechanics, 76: 259-262. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.06.008
Ke, C.-L., Deng, F.-S; Chuang, C.-Y; Lin & C.-H. 2021. Antimicrobial actions and applications of chitosan. Polymers, 13: 904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13060904
Khazri, H. & Ghorbel-Abid, I. 2016. Removal of drugs by cuttlefish bone powder: Equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamic study. Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 3(1): 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4172/2380-2391.1000176
Kim, S. 2018. Competitive biological activities of chitosan and its derivatives: antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2018: 1708172. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1708172
Luan, F., Li, Q., Tan, W., Wei, L., Zhang, J., Dong, F. & Guo, Z. 2018. The evaluation of antioxidant and antifungal properties of 6-amino-6-deoxychitosan in vitro. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 107: 595-603. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.09.028
Mahdy Samar, M., El-Kalyoubi, M.H., Khalaf, M.M. & Abd El-Razik, M.M. 2013. Physicochemical, functional, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of chitosan extracted from shrimp wastes by microwave technique. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 58(1): 33–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2013.01.006
Nandana, C., Christeena, M. & Bharathi, D. 2021. Synthesis and characterization of chitosan/silver nanocomposite using rutin for antibacterial, antioxidant and photocatalytic applications. Journal of Cluster Science, 33: 269-279. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-020-01947-9
Ramasamy, P., Subhapradha, N., Shanmugam, V. & Shanmugam, A. 2014. Extraction, characterization and antioxidant property of chitosan from cuttlebone Sepia kobiensis (Hoyle 1885). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 64: 202-212. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.12.008
Shih, P.Y., Liao, Y.T., Tseng, Y.K., Deng, F.S. & Lin, C.H. 2019. A potential antifungal effect of chitosan against candida albicans is mediated via the inhibition of SAGA complex component expression and the subsequent alteration of cell surface integrity. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10: 602. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00602
Steffy, K., Shanthi, G., Maroky, A.S. & Selvakumar, S. 2018. Enhanced antibacterial effects of green synthesized ZnO NPs using Aristolochia indica against multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens from diabetic foot ulcer. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(4): 463–471. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2017.10.006
Vijayalakshmi, K., Devi, B.M., Sudha, P. N., Venkatesan, J. & Anil, S. 2016. Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanochitosan/Sodium Alginate/Microcrystalline Cellulose Film. Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology, 7(6): 1000419.
Wan Zhua, Wangb, Y., Caob, W., Caob, S. & Zhangb, J. 2018. In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial combinations against imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii of different MICs. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 11(6): 856-860. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2018.07.006
Yang, Y., Ali, N., Khan, A., Khan, S., Khan, S., Khan, H., Xiaoqi, S., Ahmad, W., Uddin, S., Ali, N. & Bilal, M. 2021. Chitosan-capped ternary metal selenide nanocatalysts for efficient degradation of Congo red dye in sunlight irradiation. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 167: 169-181. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.167
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Any reproduction of figures, tables and illustrations must obtain written permission from the Chief Editor (wicki@ukm.edu.my). No part of the journal may be reproduced without the editor’s permission
