Presence and Effects of Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV) on the Leaves of Carica papaya Linn.
Keywords:
Carica papaya, Papaya Ringspot Virus (PRSV), Plant diseaseAbstract
Papaya (Carica papaya Linn.) is an economically important tropical fruit crop and a major fruit export commodity in Malaysia. However, its production is severely threatened by Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV), which causes significant yield losses in papaya cultivation. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the presence of PRSV and to characterise leaf anatomy and the anatomical adaptations that occur as a result of PRSV infection. Virus identification was performed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the PRSV coat protein plus partial nuclear inclusion b (Nib) region. Anatomical analyses were conducted under a light microscope, including cross-sections of the lamina, midrib, petiole, and leaf margin, as well as epidermal peeling of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Micromorphological studies involved examination of the abaxial and adaxial leaf epidermis using a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that PRSV infection induced several anatomical adaptations, including a reduction in chlorophyll content, an increase in the thickness of chlorenchyma and collenchyma cell layers, alterations in vascular tissues, changes in the external morphology of the leaf margin and midrib, and an increase in crystal density. Moreover, changes were observed in the presence and type of epicuticular wax, cuticular ornamentation, anticline wall patterns of the adaxial epidermis, as well as a reduction in stomatal index and stomatal size. These findings demonstrate that PRSV infection causes significant modifications in leaf anatomical characteristics as part of the plant’s response to viral attack. The anatomical indicators identified in this study may serve as valuable references for early detection and management of viral infections in plants.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Ananthu, N. & Umamaheswaran, K. 2019. Effect of viral infection on carbohydrate and chlorophyll contents in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(6): 862–867. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.806.104
Anikina, I., Kamarova, A., Issayeva, K., Issakhanova, S., Mustafayeva, N., Insebayeva, M., Mukhamedzhanova, A., Khan, S.M., Ahmad, Z., Lho, L.H., Han, H. & Raposo, A. 2023. Plant protection from viruses: a review of different approaches. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12(14):1163270. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1163270
Bradamante, G., Scheid, O.M. & Incarbone, M. 2021. Under siege: Virus control in plant meristems and progeny. The Plant Cell, 33(8): 2523–2537. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab140
Caldwell, J. & James, A.L. 1938. An investigation into the "stripe" disease of narcissus. Annals of Applied Botany, 25(2): 244–253. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1938.tb02332.x
Chan, Y.K. & Sim, S.L. 2019. Biology of Papaya (Carica papaya L.). Department of Biosafety, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources, Putrajaya. 61 pp.
Cutler, D.F., Bothta, C.E.J. & Stevenson, D.W. 2008. Plant Anatomy: An Applied Approach. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. 302 pp.
Dickison, W.C. 2000. Integrative Plant Anatomy. Academic Press, San Diego. 533 pp.
Dutton. C., Hõrak, H., Hepworth, C., Mitchell, A., Ton, J., Hunt, L. & Gray, J.E. 2019. Bacterial infection systemically suppresses stomatal density. Plant, Cell & Environment, 42: 2411–2421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13570
El-Banna, O.H.M., Awad, M.A.E., Abbas, M.S., Waziri, H.M.A., & Darwish, H.S.A. 2014. Anatomical and ultrastructural changes in tomato and grapevine leaf tissues infected with Tomato ringspot virus. Egyptian Journal of Virology, 11(2): 102–111.
Esau, K. 1960. Anatomy of Seed Plants. 1st Ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York. 576 pp.
Esau, K. 1977. Anatomy of Seed Plants. 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 550 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2418500
Franceschi, V.R., & Nakata, P.A. 2005. Calcium oxalate in plants: formation and function. Annual review of plant biology, 56: 41–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.56.032604.144106
Gamboa-Tec, N., Kú-González, A., Gutiérrez-Pacheco, L.C., Castaño, E. & López-Ochoa, L. 2018. Anatomical alterations and hyperplasia induced by Euphorbia mosaic virus Yucatan Peninsula isolate at the mesophyll. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, 36(2): 287–297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1712-2
Ganisan, K. & Mohamad Roff, M.N. 2021. Success Story on Induced Systemic Resistance – A New Hope for Malaysian Papaya Industry. Asia Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions, Pomprab Sattru phai. 1-63 pp.
Gilbertson, R.L. & Lucas, W.J 1996. How do viruses traffic on the 'vascular highway'? Trends in Plant Science, 1(8): 250-251. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/1360-1385(96)10029-7
Gonsalves, D., Tripathi, S., Carr, J.B. & Suzuki, J.Y. 2010. Papaya ringspot virus. The Plant Health Instructor, 10: 1-10. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PHI-I-2010-1004-01
Johansen, D.A. 1940. Plant Microtechnique. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc, New York.
Kashyap, A., Planas-Marquès, M., Capellades, M., Valls, M. & Coll, N.S. 2021. Blocking intruders: inducible physico-chemical barriers against plant vascular wilt pathogens. Journal of Experimental Botany, 72(2): 184–198. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa444
Koul, B., Pudhuvai, B., Sharma, C., Kumar, A., Sharma, V., Yadav, D. & Jin, J.-O. 2022. Carica papaya L.: A tropical fruit with benefits beyond the tropics. Diversity, 14: 683. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/d14080683
Leach, J.E., Cantrell, M.A. & Sequeira, L. 1982. A hydroxiline-rich bacterial agglutinin from potato: Its localization by immunofluorescence. Physiological Plant Pathology, 21: 319-325. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-4059(82)90066-2
Linsbauer, K. 1930. Die Epidermis. Borntraeger, Berlin. 258 pp.
Lv, M.F., Xie, L., Song, X.J., Hong, J., Mao, Q.Z., Wei, T.Y., Chen, J.P. & Zhang, H.M. 2017. Phloem-limited reoviruses universally induce sieve element hyperplasia and more flexible gateways, providing more channels for their movement in plants. Scientific Reports, 7: 16467. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-15686-x
Malinowski, R., Singh, D., Kasprzewska, A., Blicharz, S., & Basińska-Barczak, A. 2024. Vascular tissue - boon or bane? How pathogens usurp long-distance transport in plants and the defense mechanisms deployed to counteract them. The New phytologist, 243(6): 2075–2092. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.20030
Manching, H.C., Carlson, K., Kosowsky, S., Smitherman, C.T. & Stapleton, A.E. 2018. Maize phyllosphere microbial community niche development across stages of host leaf growth. F1000Research, 6(1698): 33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12490.3
Medina-Salguero, A.X., Cornejo-Franco, J.F., Grinstead, S., Mowery, J., Mollov, D. & Quito-Avila, D.F. 2021. Genetic characterization of a mild isolate of papaya ringspot virus type-P (PRSV-P) and assessment of its cross-protection potential under greenhouse and field conditions. PLoS ONE, 16(2): 1–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241652
Meidner, H. & Mansfield, T.A. 1968. Physiology of Stomata. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, Bombay. 178 pp.
Mishra, M.K., Mishra, M., Kumari, S.S., Shirke, P., Srivastava, A., & Saxena, S. 2018. Studies on anatomical behavior of PaLCuV infected papaya (Carica papaya L.). Journal of Applied Horticulture, 20(3): 219–224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2018.v20i03.38
Mohamad Roff, M.N. 2005. Disease rating of papaya cultivars to papaya ringspot virus in Malaysia. Acta Horticulturae, 740: 277–281. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2007.740.34
Mohsin Mohsen, N., Aziz, M.A., Thangaraja, K., Mohammad Nasir, M.A., Md Zoqratt, M.Z.H., Bhassu, S. & Othman, R.Y. 2024. A survey on the occurrence of papaya ringspot virus-P (PRSV-P) in Malaysia and genetic diversity assessment of the coat protein region. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 196 (12): 1154. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-13321-7
Morton, J.F. 1987. Fruits of Warm Climates. ECHO, Inc., North Fort Myers. 1135 pp.
Murray, R.R., Emblow, M.S.M., Hetherington, A.M. & Foster, G.D. 2016. Plant virus infections control stomatal development. Scientific Reports, 6(34507): 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34507
Noraini, T., Nurul Syahirah, M. & Mohamad Ruzi, A.R. 2022. Histologi dan Teknik Pengawetan Tumbuhan. UKM Press, Bangi. 150 pp.
Noraini, T., Muhammad Amirul Aiman, A.J. & Mohamad Ruzi, A.R. 2019. Anatomi dan Mikroskopik Tumbuhan. UKM Press, Bangi. 211 pp.
Noraini, T., Raj, K., Hamidun, B., Mohamad Ruzi, A.R., Nordahlia, A.S. & Syazwani, B. 2024. Kesan jangkitan virus Sauropus yellowing (SaYV) kepada anatomi daun Sauropus androgynus (L.) merr. Sains Malaysiana, 53(9): 2045–2055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2024-5309-03
Sharma, P.D. 2004. Plant Pathology. Rastogi Publication, Meerut. 102 pp.
Sass, J.E. 1958. Botanical Microtechnique. 3rd Ed. Iowa State University Press, Iowa. 228 pp. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31274/isudp.25
Serrano, M., Coluccia, F., Torres, M., L'Haridon, F., & Métraux, J.P. 2014. The cuticle and plant defense to pathogens. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5(274): 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00274
Singh, V. & Shukla, K. 2012. Morphological and histopathological changes in papaya due to virus isolate from middle gangetic plains of India. Journal of Cell and Tissue Research, 12(3): 3387–3393.
Sósol-Reyes, D., Villanueva-Jiménez, J.A., Osorio-Acosta, F. & Noa-Carrazana, J.C. 2020. Radial graphics to characterize PRSV-P symptoms in Carica papaya. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, 38(2): 280–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.1912-1
Storey, W.B. 1969. Papaya (Carica papaya L.). In: Outline of Perennial Crop Breeding in the Tropics. P. Ferwerda & F. Wit (Eds.). H. Veenman and Zonen, Wageningen. pp. 389-407.
Su, J., Yang, L., Zhu, Q., Wu, H., He, Y., Liu, Y. & Zhang, S. 2018. Active photosynthetic inhibition mediated by MPK3/MPK6 is critical to effector-triggered immunity. Public Library of Science Biology, 16:1–29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2004122
Taufik, M., Firihu, M.Z., Gusnawaty, H.S., Variani, V.I., Hasan, A., Botek, M., Tihurua, E.F. & Wulansari, T.Y.I. 2024. The changes in chili leaf structure by Geminivirus infection. Journal of Tropical Plant Pests and Diseases, 24(1): 109–119. DOI: https://doi.org/10.23960/jhptt.124109-119
Usharani, T. R., Laxmi, V., Jalali, S., & Krishnareddy, M. 2013. Duplex PCR to detect both Papaya ring spot virus and Papaya leaf curl virus simultaneously from naturally infected papaya (Carica papaya L.). Indian Journal of Biotechnology, 12: 269-272.
Venning, F.D. 1949. Stimulation by wind motion of collenchyma formation in celery petioles. Botanical Gazette, 110: 511-514. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/335551
Wahab, N. 1991. Papaya ringspot virus disease (PRV) is here in Malaysia. MAPPS Newsletter, 15(3): 36.
Wu, N., Gan, L., Suo, Q., Yang, F., Liu, W., Wang, X. & Jin, H. 2025. Differentiation Trajectory of Virus-Induced Tumor Cells in Rice Revealed by Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 23(11): 4794–4812. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.70267
Xiao, Y., Tholen, D. & Zhu, X.G. 2016. The influence of leaf anatomy on the internal light environment and photosynthetic electron transport rate: exploration with a new leaf ray tracing model. Journal of Experimental Botany, 67: 6021–6035. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw359
Yusop, M.S.M., Lanisa, N., Talip, N., Mat Saad, M.F., Abas, A., Sarian, M.N., Hamezah, H.S., Harun, S. & Bunawan, H. 2023. The complete genome sequence, molecular detection, and anatomical analysis of Hibiscus chlorotic ringspot virus infecting Hibiscus rosa-sinensis in Peninsular Malaysia. Horticulturalae, 9 (5):569., DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9050569
Zhao, J., Zhang, X., Hong, Y., & Liu, Y. 2016. Chloroplast in plant virus interaction. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7: 1565. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01565
Ziv, C., Zhao, Z., Gao, Y.G. & Xia, Y. 2018. Multifunctional roles of plant cuticle during plant-pathogen interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9(1088): 1–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01088
Zubir, M.N. & Hassan, M.A. 2021. Seed quality of papaya lines selected for tolerance to papaya ringspot virus disease. Transactions of the Malaysian Society of Plant Physiology, 28:165–169.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Any reproduction of figures, tables and illustrations must obtain written permission from the Chief Editor (wicki@ukm.edu.my). No part of the journal may be reproduced without the editor’s permission
